This article is devoted to the history of Abkhazia and Samachablo in the XX-XXI centuries. Abkhaz-Georgian existed long before the arrival of the Russian Empire in the region. After the eviction of many Abkhazians to the Ottoman Empire, the deserted lands of Abkhazia were settled by Georgians.

The article is devoted to interethnic relations in the North Caucasus in the second half of the 20^th century. - at the beginning of the 21^th century. The calmest regions of the North Caucasus were Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria. There was rivalry between the Karachais and the Circassians, but it never grew into a war.

This article is devoted to the history of the Mamluk state in the Middle East during the period of domination of the Circassian dynasty. The coming to power of the Circassian Mamluks-Burjits was prepared by plague epidemics, a reduction in the flow of Turkic slaves due to the Islamization of the population of the Golden Horde, and internal squabbles between the Mamluks-Kipchaks.

Joining the Council of Europe in 1999, Georgia assumed the obligation to return the population called "Turk Meskhs", expelled in 1944. According to the commitment, the repatriation process was to start in 2002 and end in 2011.